SQA Higher: Part H: Appeasement and the road to war, to 1939

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Part H: Appeasement and the road to war, to 1939

Fascist foreign policy after 1933 and the reactions of the democratic powers to it, the development of the policy of appeasement, its failure and the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939.

Themes: ideology, conflict and diplomacy

Key issues and description of content

1 An evaluation of the reasons for the aggressive nature of the foreign policies of Germany and Italy in the 1930s.

  • Peace Settlement of 1919
  • Fascist ideology
  • economic difficulties after 1929
  • weakness of the League of Nations
  • British policy of appeasement

2 An evaluation of the methods used by Germany and Italy to pursue their foreign policies from 1933.

  • diplomacy
  • military action
  • military threat
  • pacts and alliances
  • role of Hitler and Mussolini

3 An evaluation of the reasons for the British policy of appeasement, 1936–38.

  • economic difficulties
  • public opinion
  • lack of reliable allies
  • military weakness
  • beliefs of Chamberlain

4 An assessment of the success of British foreign policy in containing Fascist aggression, 1935 to March 1938.

  • Abyssinia
  • Rhineland
  • Naval Agreement
  • non-intervention
  • Anschluss of March 1938

5 An assessment of the Munich agreement.

Arguments for and against the settlement:

  • Czechoslovakia
  • Britain
  • Germany
  • France
  • international context

6 An evaluation of the reasons for the outbreak of war in 1939.

  • changing British attitudes towards
  • appeasement
  • occupation of Bohemia and the collapse of
  • Czechoslovakia
  • British diplomacy and relations with the
  • Soviet Union
  • Nazi–Soviet Pact
  • invasion of Poland

Resource Examples

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Lesson Presentation:

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Student Assessment:

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