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WJEC GCSE Afghanistan c.1979–c.2001
On-screen non-examination assessment: 3 hours 20% of qualification 80 marks
Unit 2: An in-depth study on European and/or World history
The purpose of this unit is to provide an understanding of an issue in European and/or world history in depth via the study of historical sources and interpretations.
Centres can choose one of the three periods of study: medieval, early modern or modern, not repeating a period of study studied in Unit 1 or 3. Centres will choose one of two options within the period.
Learners will study one of six historical topics to undertake an in-depth study that will provide them with an understanding of an issue in European and/or world history. They will then undertake a historical enquiry based on their selected historical topic.
Learners should be able demonstrate skills of analysis and evaluation when engaging with sources that relate to the selected historical topic and historical interpretations that encompass contrasting views of events and people.
Learners should also be able to apply their knowledge and understanding of the following historical concepts in the context of their chosen historical topic:
- continuity and change
- similarity and difference
- significance and impact
- cause and consequence.
Modern
Afghanistan c.1979–c.2001
In this topic learners will gain knowledge and understanding in the following areas:
2.6.1 The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 1979–1989
2.6.2 Consequences of the end of the war
2.6.3 The rise of Al-Qaeda
2.6.4 Al-Qaeda’s targeting of the US as a centre of Western power
2.6.5 The “Global War on Terrorism”.
Content and Amplification
Background: Afghanistan, its relations with the West and the implications of those relations for the region
Learners should be aware of:
- the geographical, historical and strategic importance of Afghanistan since the late nineteenth century and its relations with the West
- the changing situation in the 1970s with the overthrow of King Zahir Shah in 1973 and President Daoud Khan in 1978, increasing Soviet concerns about US involvement in Afghanistan and conflicting ideologies on the international stage.
2.6.1 The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 1979–1989
- The Soviet viewpoint of the invasion versus the view of the Mujahideen, including:
- the USSR’s upholding of the Brezhnev Doctrine, 1968 to support Communist regimes under threat
- the Mujahideen’s religious and cultural beliefs, their viewpoints on the Soviets and their military support from the US
- From Civil War to Proxy War, including:
- the impact of the end of détente and SALT II upon relations with Afghanistan
- Soviet strategies (intimidation, subversion, intelligence, search and destroy) compared to the Mujahideen’s tactics (guerilla tactics and US support via anti-aircraft missiles)
2.6.2 Consequences of the end of the war
- The reasons for, and significance of the withdrawal of Soviet troops in 1989, including:
- casualty and mortality rates, financial losses and public relations issues in both the Soviet Union and Afghanistan
- how far it contributed to the downfall of the Soviet Union in 1991
- The links between the end of the war and increasing instability, including:
- the flight of refugees, and civil and human rights issues, especially of women
- the escalating political situation and US actions in the Middle East
2.6.3 The rise of Al-Qaeda
- The organisation of Al-Qaeda from 1988, including:
- support for Al-Qaeda from within and without Afghanistan
- the Northern Alliance during the Taliban’s five-year rule over Afghanistan, 1996–2001
- Osama bin Laden’s role including:
- his support for the Mujahideen
- his relocation to Afghanistan in 1996.
2.6.4 Al-Qaeda’s targeting of the US as a centre of Western power
- The increasing number of attacks on US facilities and military interests, including:
- the bombing of the World Trade Centre in 1993 and of the US embassies in Dar es Salaam and Nairobi in 1998
- the bombing of USS Cole in Aden in 2000
- The attacks on the World Trade Centre and Pentagon on 9/11, including:
- the significance of the targets
- statistical data on mortality rates and injuries, and the significance of personal accounts.
2.6.5 The “Global War on Terrorism”
- The response to 9/11, including:
- Operation Enduring Freedom, 7 October 2001
- media representation and the impact on racial perceptions in the US
- Afghanistan in 2001, including:
- the Taliban regime
- Bin Laden’s escape to Pakistan.
References for Afghanistan c.1979–c.2001
Resource Examples For Afghanistan c.1979–c.2001
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